Why original data stays untouched
Cleaning is an argument about the evidence. The source file remains the evidence.
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Explore articles, guides and updates on research, data, methodology, and evidence based decision making.
Methods notes on design, collection, coding, and analysis.
Cleaning is an argument about the evidence. The source file remains the evidence.
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The document that tells a later reader what each variable is, how it was measured, and how values should be read.
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Code when the question needs meaning, process, or context that a closed item cannot capture.
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Missingness, duplicates, straight lining, and timestamps that do not match the protocol.
Use it when the outcome has two categories, with predictors named before the tables, and an interpretation that matches the estimand.
Start from the decision the study must inform, then the precision you can defend.